Volume Two of
Essays In Cosmic Archaeology
Essays where anthropological cosmology
meet with cosmology in physics
Genesis Project California 2021!
⋅
⋅
© 2021 By Ian Beardsley"
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED INCLUDING THE RIGHT OF REPRODUCTION IN WHOLE OR IN
PART IN ANY FORM. PUBLISHED BY GENESIS PROJECT
! of 1 16
Fundamental Structure: El Base Es el Fondo
Ian Beardsley (September 16, 2021)"
Physics, University of Oregon
Abstract
Mexico City born artist Flash Romozi and I frequently got together at which times we dis-
cussed art. We were looking at an image on the computer and he looked thoughtful, then he
said “El base es el Fondo.” This means “The base is the back-drop”. He was a sculptor, but
being here in California he painted as the sculpting required a large studio, and the one where
he worked was in Mexico. But Fondo does not just mean backdrop, but base itself which we
can translate as foundation. Thus for him his statement made particular sense; in sculpting the
base is the foundation and your ceramic pot is only as stable as the design of its base. For in-
stance if the ceramic pot is more narrow at the bottom than it is at the top, it will topple easily.
But if like in the pyramids of Mexico the base is very large compared to the point at its top, it is
very stable. But fondo meaning not just base, but back-drop, or background, then he was
drawing a parallel between painting and sculpting, If you make a painting, the back-drop is like
the base of a sculpture, it may be trees and mountains that you paint first upon which you can
paint the subject, which might be people, or ornate designs."
In my studies of the connection of artificial intelligence elements as connected to biological life
elements, the study of the composition of bone was very interesting. Bones make skeletons
and skeletons in a way are the fondo or back-drop to the biological body, the base around
which life is structured. There exists a base to mathematics, a collection of fundamental rela-
tionships upon which everything is built and interestingly, these are exactly the equations which
I find describe the nature of bone."
1. Introduction
In my exploration of the connection between biological life and AI the most dynamic compo-
nent is that of bone. It affords us the opportunity to look at:"
Multiplying Binomials"
Completing The Square"
The Quadratic Formula"
Ratios"
Proportions"
The Golden Ratio"
The Square Root of Two"
The Harmonic Mean!
! of 2 16
Density of silicon is Si=2.33 grams per cubic centimeter."
Density of germanium is Ge=5.323 grams per cubic centimeter."
Density of hydroxyapatite is HA=3.00 grams per cubic centimeter."
This is"
where "
Where HA is the mineral component of bone, Si is an AI semiconductor material and Ge is an
AI semiconductor material. This means"
"
The harmonic mean between Si and Ge is HA,…"
"
This is the sextic,…"
"
Which has a solution"
"
Where x=Si, and y=Ge. It can be solved with the online Wolfram Alpha computational engine.
But,…"
"
"
!
3
4
Si +
1
4
Ge ≈ HA
HA = Ca
5
(PO
4
)
3
OH
Si
HA
Si +
[
1 −
Si
HA
]
Ge = H A
2SiGe
Si + Ge
≈ HA
x
2
(x + y)
4
− x y(x + y)
4
+ 2x y
2
(x + y)
3
− 4x
2
y
2
(x + y)
2
= 0
Si
Ge
=
1
2 + 1
1
HA
2
Si
2
−
Ge
HA
2
Si +
[
Ge
HA
− 1
]
= 0
Si =
1
2
Ge
±
HA
Ge
HA
2
−
4Ge
HA
+ 4
Si = Ge − H A
! of 3 16
2. Bone The Quadratic Equation
"
"
"
"
"
"
See Figure 1 on the next page for analysis….!
Si
HA
Si +
[
1 −
Si
HA
]
Ge = H A
Si
2
HA
+ Ge −
Si
HA
Ge ≈ HA
1
HA
Si
2
−
Ge
HA
Si + Ge ≈ HA
1
HA
2
Si
2
−
Ge
HA
2
Si +
Ge
HA
≈ 1
1
HA
2
Si
2
−
Ge
HA
2
Si +
Ge
HA
− 1 ≈ 0
1
HA
2
Si
2
−
Ge
HA
2
Si +
[
Ge
HA
− 1
]
= 0
! of 4 16
Figure 1!
! of 5 16
3. Multiplying Binomials
"
"
4. Completing The Square
We see that the square of the binomial is a quadratic where the third term is the square of one
half the middle coefficient. This gives us a method to solve quadratics called completing the
square:"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
(x + a)(x + a) = x
2
+ 2a x + a
2
(x + a)
2
= x
2
+ 2a x + a
2
a x
2
+ bx + c = 0
a x
2
+ bx = − c
x
2
+
b
a
x = −
c
a
(
1
2
b
a
)
2
=
1
4
b
2
a
2
x
2
+
b
a
x +
1
4
b
2
a
2
= −
c
a
+
1
4
b
2
a
2
(
x +
1
2
b
a
)
2
=
b
2
− 4ac
4a
2
x +
b
2a
=
±
b
2
− 4ac
2a
x =
−b
±
b
2
− 4ac
2a
1
HA
2
Si
2
−
Ge
HA
2
Si +
[
Ge
HA
− 1
]
= 0
x =
−b
±
b
2
− 4ac
2a
! of 6 16
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
5. Bone And Square Root Two
"
"
"
a =
a
HA
2
b = −
Ge
HA
2
c =
[
Ge
HA
− 1
]
b
2
− 4ac =
Ge
2
HA
4
− 4
1
HA
2
[
Ge
HA
− 1
]
=
Ge
2
HA
4
−
4Ge
HA
3
+
4
HA
2
=
1
HA
2
[
Ge
2
HA
2
−
4Ge
HA
+ 4
]
b
2
− 4ac =
1
HA
(
Ge
HA
− 2
)
2
x =
Ge
HA
2
±
1
HA
[
Ge
HA
− 2
]
2
HA
2
=
1
2
Ge
±
1
2
HA
[
Ge
HA
− 2
]
=
1
2
Ge
±
1
2
Ge − H A
Si =
1
2
Ge +
1
2
Ge − H A
Si = Ge − H A
1
HA
2
Si
2
−
Ge
HA
2
Si +
[
Ge
HA
− 1
]
= 0
x =
−b
±
b
2
− 4ac
2a
a =
a
HA
2
b = −
Ge
HA
2
c =
[
Ge
HA
− 1
]
! of 7 16
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
b
2
− 4ac =
Ge
2
HA
4
− 4
1
HA
2
[
Ge
HA
− 1
]
=
Ge
2
HA
4
−
4Ge
HA
3
+
4
HA
2
=
1
HA
2
[
Ge
2
HA
2
−
4Ge
HA
+ 4
]
b
2
− 4ac =
1
HA
(
Ge
HA
− 2
)
2
x =
Ge
HA
2
±
1
HA
[
Ge
HA
− 2
]
2
HA
2
=
1
2
Ge
±
1
2
HA
[
Ge
HA
− 2
]
=
1
2
Ge
±
1
2
Ge − H A
Si =
1
2
Ge +
1
2
Ge − H A
Si = Ge − H A
Si ≈ Ge − H A
HA ≈
2SiGe
Si + Ge
Si ≈ Ge −
2SiGe
Si + Ge
(Si + Ge)Ge
Si + Ge
−
(Si + Ge)Si
Si + Ge
−
2SiGe
Si + Ge
= 0
Ge
2
− 2SiGe − Si
2
Si + Ge
= 0
x
2
− 2x y − y
2
= 0
! of 8 16
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
6. The Golden Ratio
A ratio is and a proportion is which means a is to b as b is to c."
The Golden Ratio "
and. "
or "
"
"
"
x
2
− 2x y = y
2
x
2
− 2x y + y
2
= 2y
2
(x − y)
2
= 2y
2
x − y =
±
2y
x = y + 2y
x = y(1 + 2)
x
y
= 1 + 2
y
x
=
1
2 + 1
Si
Ge
≈
1
2 + 1
a
b
a
b
=
b
c
(
Φ
)
a
b
=
b
c
a = b + c
ac = b
2
c =
b
2
a
a = b +
b
2
a
b
2
a
− a + b = 0
b
2
a
2
− 1 +
b
a
= 0
! of 9 16
"
"
"
"
"
8. The Concept of Mathematical Construct
In my works The Mathematical Nature of Life (Beardsley 2021) and Perfect Equations Beardsley
(2021) I set out to find if the the elements and compounds characteristic of life and artificial in-
telligence (AI) do not just conform to chemical law, but if they are purely mathematical inde-
pendently of the use of chemistry to describe them, and if they are connected to one another.
The simplest example of this for biological life and AI would be that the most basic organic
compound is HNCO (isocyanic acid) where H (hydrogen), N (nitrogen), C (carbon), and O (oxy-
gen) are the most abundant biological elements. Indeed biological elements are for the most
part organic, which means they are made of long chains using carbon with hydrogen, which
they can form because C is C4- and H is H+ meaning we can have:"
"
And in isocynaic acid we have:"
H-N=C=O"
Where H is H+, N is N3-. C is C4-, O is O2-, the H uses its single bond with one from nitrogen,
leaving N2- or two bonds which go to C leaving for it C2- which goes to oxygen that needs it
because it is O2-. Thus all is satisfied by chemical law. In my search for mathematical law, I find
it exists in the case of HNCO and the AI semiconducting element silicon (Si) and its doping
agents P and B as such (by molar mass):"
"
(
b
a
)
2
+
b
a
− 1 = 0
(
b
a
)
2
+
b
a
+
1
4
= 1 +
1
4
(
b
a
+
1
2
)
2
=
5
4
b
a
= −
1
2
±
5
2
b
a
=
5 − 1
2
a
b
=
5 + 1
2
ϕ =
5 − 1
2
Φ =
5 + 1
2
ϕ =
1
Φ
C + N + O + H
P + B + Si
≈ ϕ
! of 10 16
"
"
"
This paper strives to break down such mathematical equations for biological life and artificial
intelligence into their components to find what is acting to create such constructs. In the sec-
ond book I actually brought the planets into the mix with some very interesting results. As an-
other example, water and air, the main physical constituents that interact with life we have:"
"
"
By molar mass for air as a mixture (not a compound). With this air is 29.0 grams per mole."
We will want to break down our equations into the components of their geometric relationships
and see if they predict the bond angles of some of the basic substances considered. We will
look here at linear, trigonal planar, and tetrahedral."
Linear, like CO2 (carbon dioxide) its bond angle is 180 degrees:"
Trigonal planar, like SO3 (sulfur trioxide) its bond angle is 120 degrees:"
"
That is, S is at the center and the O atoms are 120 degrees apart due to the even division of
360/120=3."
ϕ =
a
b
=
5 − 1
2
c = b + a
a
b
=
b
c
H
2
O
air
≈ ϕ
air = 0.25O
2
+ 0.75N
2
! of 11 16
Tetrahedral, like methane (CH4) one of the the primordial gases that may have contributed to
making some of the amino acids, the building blocks of life as show by Miller and Urey in the
early origins of life:"
This is 109.5 degrees apart from arcos (1/3) = 109.5"
But what if we are considering not just neutral molecules but polyatomic anions that have a net
charge. In such instances, the free electron pairs compress the expected 120 degree bond an-
gle in the atoms around the central atom to 115 degrees as with the nitrite ion NO2-:"
Similarily we have for O3 (ozone) that the bond angle is 116 degrees in its deviation from 120
degrees. The configuration is:"
"
Both of these anions are important to the life and the theory of how life forms. O-zone is more
of a physical component in that in the stratosphere it absorbs UV radiation harmful to life. We
find these angles of about 116 degrees in a semicircle based on Si and Ge in molar mass. See
Figure 2 on the next page."
! of 12 16
Figure 2!
! of 13 16
7. Discussion
The mineral component of bone hydroxyapatite (HA) is"
"
The organic component of bone is collagen which is"
"
We have"
"
"
"
"
%"
"
%
Ca
5
(PO
4
)
3
OH = 502.32
g
mol
C
57
H
91
N
19
O
16
= 1298.67
g
mol
Ca
5
(PO
4
)
3
OH
C
57
H
91
N
19
O
16
= 0.386795722
ϕ = 0.618033989
1 − ϕ = 0.381966011
Ca
5
(PO
4
)
3
OH
C
57
H
91
N
19
O
16
≈ (1 − ϕ)
0.381966011
0.386795722
100 = 98.75
Si
Ge
=
28.09
72.61
= 0.386861314 ≈ (1 − ϕ)
Si
Ge
≈
Ca
5
(PO
4
)
3
OH
C
57
H
91
N
19
O
16
! of 14 16
The thing that is important here is that both and being irratiational, are the operative components to
And this is where we come to some sort of a conclusion as to how square root of two and the golden ratio
in molar mass and density of bone might determine something physical about Nature. We consider that
such physical proportions in the lattice that makes bone, carry through to the proportions found in hu-
mans:
Where do we find the square root of two in the proportions of humans. We are all familiar with the golden
ratio phi in the human body. For instance in the height divided by the distance from the bottom of the feet
to the navel. But, the answer comes from archaeology.
The intermembral index compares the forelimbs of vertebrates to their hindlimbs. A ratio greater than one
means the forelimbs are longer than the hindlimbs and less than one the hindlimbs are longer. It is this
ratio that tells paleontologists a great deal about the manner of propulsion of a vertebrate.
The chimpanzee index is 106, or 1.06 in other words as a fraction, meaning their forelimbs are longer
than their hindlimbs compared to humans, which are around 68-70 or 0.68 to 0.7 meaning their hindlimbs
are longer than their forelimbs. Thus we see they have their forelimbs are longer for climbing, arm hang-
ing and swinging activities. The longer hindlimb of humans means they depend sole on these for propul-
sion in bipedal walking. Lucy, the 3.2 million year old hominid (Australopithecus Afarensis) has index 88
(0.88) intermediate between humans and chimpanzees, and this due to a shortened humerus, not elongated
thigh, showing arm length reduced first in the evolutionary trend toward being bipedal. She probably used
hindlimbs for bipedal propulsion and forelimbs for climbing.
Measuring myself I find I have humerus+radius=22”, and femur+tibia=32”. My intermembral index is
about i=22/32=0.6875. And here is our :
Are we evolving towards an intermembral index of ?%
ϕ
2
2 − 1 ≈ 1 − ϕ
2
1
i
=
1
0.7
= 1.42857 ≈ 2 = 1.414
2
! of 15 16
8. Conclusion
&
It may be that biological life is not just a chemical construct but, a mathematical construct in
terms of the molar masses and densities of the elements from which it is made, and this might
have a function beyond chemistry that plays a role in understanding it.%
! of 16 16
Author Biography"
Ian Beardsley is an undergraduate in physics at The University of Ore-
gon and worked in astronomy for four years. His name is on several pa-
pers in the astrophysical journal.
Introducing The Concept of Proton-Seconds
Ian Beardsley
Physics, University of Oregon
Abstract
Through Newton’ s Universal Law of Gravity and the fine structure constant we can introduce
the concepts of proton-seconds which are the number of protons over a period of time.
The fine structure constant allows for this because it produces close to integer values with
Newton’s equation for gravity I find, where Carbon and Boron are concerned, carbon at the
center of life as we know it. The fine structure constant is somewhat of a mystery in that it
is not derived, but was discovered cro pping up all over nature by Sommerfeld. This results
in a mass on the order of the astroidal meteoroids that ca n make it to the Earth surface
before burning up in the lower limit. The predicted mass to the mass of such a meteoroid
is Venus orbit in astronomical units. Venus is thought to be a failed Earth.
Genesis Project
1. Proton-Seconds And Meteors
Newton’s Universal Law of Gravitation is
F = G
Mm
r
2
Where
G =6.67408E 11
N · m
2
kg
2
The radius of the proton is
r
p
=0.833E 15m
1 September 15, 2021
The radius of an electron is
r
e
=2.817940E 15m
The mass of a proton is
m
p
=1.67262E 27kg
The mass of an electron is
m
e
=9.1E 31kg
Planck’s constant is
h =6.62607E 34J · s
The speed of light is
c =299792459m/s
We start with
F = ma
m =
F
a
We write
F
n
= µF cos✓
m · t =
r
µ4⇡r
2
cos✓
Gc
If µ =1and ✓ =0
m · t =
r
4⇡r
2
Gc
m · t =
s
(6.62607E 34J · s)4⇡(0.833E 15m)
2
(6.67408E 11Nm
2
/kg
2
)(299792458m/s)
m · t =5.373681E 31kg · s
2 September 15, 2021
This is about
5.37368E 31
1.67262E 27
=0.0032
Approximately three ten thousandths the mass of a proton. If we divide th at by the fine
structure constant squared, we have
↵ =
1
4⇡✏
0
·
e
2
~c
=
1
137
↵
2
=
1
18769
m =(0.00032)(18769) = 6.0proton seconds
6.0 protons even, the number of protons in carbon, the central atom to biological life. If
mu=1 and theta=45 degrees (Giving equal weight to x and y components) then
m =
p
2.8876E 61(0.7071) = 4.51865E 31kg · s
Where 0.7071 = cos(45
)
4.51865E 31
1.67262E 27
=0.00027
We have
n =(0.00027)(18769) = 5pr oton seconds
About 5 protons evenly which is Boron (B).
We have used here the fine structure constant squared, which is often used as well as to
the minus 1. The fine structure constant squared is the ratio of the po tential energy of an
electron in the first circular orbit to the energy given by the mass of an electron in the Bohr
model times the speed of light squared:
↵
2
=
U
e
m
e
c
2
mu and theta may open up alot of doors.
We only need to explain the significance of the duration of one second. The second does
have meaning especially in connection with life. By dividing the day into 24 hours, the hour
into 60 minutes, and the minute into 60 s econd s, the second is 1/86400 of day. By doing
this we have a twelve-hour daytime at spring and fall equinox on the equator, 12 being the
3 September 15, 2021
most divisible number for its size (smallest abundant number). That is to say that twelve
is evenly divisible by 1,2,3,4,6 which precede it and 1+2+3+4+6=16 is greater than twelve.
As such there is about one moon per 30 days and about 12 moons per year (per each orbit)
giving us a twelve-month calendar. This is all further convenient in that the moon and earth
are in very close to circular orbits and the circle is evenly divisible by 30, 45, 60, and 120
if we divide the circle into 360 degrees which are special angles very useful to the workings
of physics and geometry. Further, the 360 degrees of a circle are about the 365 days of a
year (period of one earth orbit) so as such the earth moves through about a degree a day in
its journey around the sun. Thus, through these observations down through the ag es since
ancient times we have constructed the duration of a second wisely enough to make a lot
work together. Now we see 6 protons, which is carbon the core element of biological life on
the planet where all of this came together is deeply connected with the second that defines
it all.
What is the meaning of proton-seconds? Alpha decay is the decay of elements where
a helium nucleus is ejected from an element (alpha particles). This happens with atoms
heavier than nickel because the atom has to be heavy enough that the internal repulsion of
protons is high enough that the binding force has trouble holding them together. However,
interestingly beryllium-8 is a n exception; it is much lighter tha n nickel. Beryllium-8 was
determined by Fred Hoyle to make carbon in nuclear synthesis in stars by combining with
helium. He sought to find the process by which carbon is created because the Universe needs
to make it if we are to have life as we know it.
Alpha particles (helium nuclei) have a typical kinetic energy of 5MeV and a speed of
15,000,000 m/s. This is 1.6E-12 Joules and 1.5E7 m/s. If we write
1.5E7
m
s
· (1second)=x
This is 1.5E7 meters
1.6E 12N · m
1.5E7m
=1.0667E 19N ⇡ 1E 19Newtons
The solar mass is M
=1.989E30kg ⇡ 2E30kg
1E 19kg
m
s
2
·
1
2E30kg
=5E 50
m
s
2
M =
ar
2
G
The Earth radius is 6,378km
M =
(5E 50m/s
2
)(6, 378, 000m)
2
6.67432E 11
=3.0E 26kg
4 September 15, 2021
We have
M
m
p
=18kg
About 40 pounds. A meteor has to have a size of at least 1 meter in diameter so as not
burn up completely before making it to the ground. That is, the size required fo r a meteor
to become a meteo rite. About 3.3 feet in diameter. By the time it makes it to the ground
it is 128-256 grams. For stony irons, that is a density of 4 g/cm3 which is 4000 kg/m3 by
these figures. The average density of a so-called asteroidal chondritic meteor is 4200 kg/m3.
Thus we have:
4
3
⇡(0.5m)
3
· 4200
kg
m
3
=2, 200kg
We have 128 grams is 0.128kg. If we want to temper the meteorite with the meteor by using
the geometric mean we have:
p
2, 200 · 0.128 ⇡ 18kg
Is our
M
m
p
=18kg
If we multiply both sides of our equation by 2 we have
(2)
4
3
⇡(0.5m)
3
· 4200
kg
m
3
=(2)2, 200kg
Where Venus is the 2nd pla net we have
p
4, 400 · 0.128 ⇡ 25kg
18kg
25kg
=0.72
This is Venus orbit in astronomical units, which is Venus orbit divided by Earth orbit.
Venus is said to be a failed Earth in that she underwent a runaway greenhouse effect. The
chondritic meteoroid is a meteor that came from the asteroid belt. We currently study the
asteroid belt to catalog asteroid orbits to see if any might be on a trajectory to collide with
earth, so we can kno ck it off such a trajectory and not suffer the fate of the dinosaurs whose
extinction was brought about by such an asteroid landing in the Yucatan.
If we ca n get down to this kind of accuracy for Venus orbit using earth size, the mass
of the sun, the lowest energy orbit in the Bohr atom (fine structure constant) through the
lower limit of a meteor to make it to earth surface (become a meteorite) for these small rocks
in the asteroid belt using proton-seconds like this, the proton-seco nds might be useful for
modeling the solar system, which has so many complex unmanageable amounts of factors.
In essence these equations outline an approach. Might even be able to use the Schrödinger
wave-equation with these small rocks in the asteroid belt to determine the probability of
asteroids being in the earth region of space at a given time.
5 September 15, 2021
2. The Schrödinger Wave Equation
We have the Schrödinger wave equation is
i~
@
@t
=
✓
~
2
r
2
2m
+ V (
~
r)
◆
(~r, t)
We must solve it for psi and find psi squared..
| (x, y, z, t)|
2
dxdydz
Which is
| |
2
=[ (x, y, z, t)] [
⇤
(x, y, z, t)]
Because psi is a complex function, so we must multiply it with its complex conjugate and
take the absolute value. To find psi for a region around the earth between the distance from
the earth to the moon all the way around the sun; Near earth objects (NEO’s) are classified
by such a region around the earth, would be very difficult to do for the meteors in the
asteroid belt a meter in diameter as used in my calculations considering them as very small
quanta comprising a cloud like electron clouds in an a to m, compared to the size of planets,
moons, and asteroids. However there may be another avenue. We have a data estimate.
The Ea rth is hit by about 6,100 meteors a year that are large enough to make it to the
ground, which is about 17 everyday according to Gonzalo Tancredi an astronomer at the
University of the Republic in Montevideo, Uruguay. He arrived at this from a database that
says that in the last 95 years 95 people have observed the rare event where a large meteor the
size of a minivan have entered the atmosphere and broke up into small rocks that showered
the sky, many of them landing on rooftops, which is about 8 per year. To arrive at his figure
of 6,100 he reasoned that people only inhabit 0.44% of the Earth’s land area which is 0.13%
of it surface area and therefore for every observed impact another 770 that impact the Earth
go unobserved.
Thus 6,100 meteors a year is a frequency of (6100)/(365 days)(24 hrs)(60 min)(60
sec)=(6100)/(31536000 seconds per year). This is a frequency of 0.0002 meteors per second.
=2⇥ 10
4
s
1
Is the frequency we can use in plank’s equation
E = h
Plank’s constant h here has to be different than in quantum mechanics because these meteors
while very small compared to the mass of a planet like the largest Jupiter, are very large
compared to electrons in an atom. But, we have our frequency upsilon and energy E of such
an asteroid in the asteroid belt It is
1
2
mv
2
= h(2E 4s
1
)
6 September 15, 2021
We use for m our asteroid of radius (0.5 m) which is 2,200 kg. This gives
h =
1, 100
0.0002
v
2
The average orbital velocity of an asteroid in the asteroid belt is about 40km per second.
Thus for a Planck constant for sizes on the order of meteors we suggest there exists some
distance between the asteroid belt at its outer edge at 3.2AU and the outer reaches of the
solar system at Pluto average o rbit of 39.5AU. We arrive at it by taking the geometric mean
between these two distances:
1
p
(3.2)(39.5AU)=22AU
This corresponds to an orbital velocity of
v
2
=
GM
r
=
(6.67408E 11)(1.989E30kg)
3.31868E15m
=40, 000m
2
/s
2
h =5, 500, 000(40, 000) = 2.2E11J · s
The rotational kinetic energy of the Earth is
K =
1
2
I!
2
Which is 2.138E29J. This corresponds to upsilon of
⌫ = E/h =2.138E29J/2.2E11Js =9. 72E17s
1
This is the frequency of X-rays which have a wavelength of
=
299792458m/s
9.72E17s
1
=3E 10m =0.3 nm
This corresponds to the kinetic energy of an electron using it as the de Bro glie wavelength
of
K =
h
2
2m
2
=16.8eV
1
What I mean by this is 39.5-22=17.5 and 17.5+3.2 is approximately 22 where 3.2 is the asteroid belt.
This is further interesting in that this reconciles the harmonic mean with arithmetic mean for Mars orbit
which 1.5. The harmonic mean is 2(39.5)(22)/(39.5+22)=28.26. 28.26-3.2=25 and (22+25)/2=23.5. And,
23.5-1.5=22. The asteroid belt is the first orbit after Mars.
7 September 15, 2021
3. Thermionic And Photoelectric Emmission
Electrons can be emmitted from metals. This is modeled by considering them in some
kind of a potential well created by the ions which depends on the structure of the metal. The
modeling can be done such that the potential of the electron moving in the metal is a constant
-W until it reaches the surface at which point W is zero and any electron here whose kinetic
energy due to its motion if perpendicular to the surface is greater than the barrier potential
W will escape. Emission of electrons from a metal occurs at high temperatures resulting
in this effect called the thermionic effect or photoelectric effect. Thermionic emission (The
Richardson Effect) is given by
R =
Z
1
p
z
=(2mW )
1/2
Z
1
p
x
1
Z
1
p
y
=1
✓
2dp
x
dp
y
dp
z
h
3
e
(✏
F
)
◆
Where R is the number of electrons per unit surface area of the metal per unit time, emitted.
This has the result in the classical case for current density J.
J
class
= ne
✓
k
2⇡m
◆
1/2
T
1/2
e
kT
( = W)
And in the qua ntum mechanical, or fermi-dirac statistics
J
F.D.
=
4⇡mek
2
h
3
T
2
e
/kT
( = W ✏
F
)
The quantity is the work function of the metal which is in the c lassica l case W the height
of the surface barrier in the metal, and in the Fermi-Dirac case is the height of the barrier
over and below the F ermi level.
But the interesting point is we don’t have to calculate W, but can determine it experi-
mentally by looking at the refractive index of a metal for de Broglie waves associated with
an electron beam hitting the metal whose initial kinetic energy is E. The refractive index is
n =
in
out
=
✓
E + W
E
◆
1/2
Measuring diffraction values for different values of E we can derive W. Davisson and Germer
in 1927 derived that and found for Tungsten W should be 13.5eV but measurements show it
is =4.5eV .Butthequantumstatisticalformulaworksbecausethedepthofthequantum
well W minus the fermi energy ✏
F
=9eV for tungsten is 13.5-9=4.5eV. In the case of nickel
(Ni) the experimental result is 5 .0 eV and the theoretical result for the Fermi level is 11.8eV
gives potential well depth W of 16.8 eV. Experimental diffra ctio n of electrons on nickel result
in (17 +/- 1) eV. This is our
K =
h
2
2m
2
=16.8eV
8 September 15, 2021
Derived from
=
299792458m/s
9.72E17s
=3E 10m =0.3 nm
And
h =
1, 100
0.0002
v
2
Where 1,100 kg is half the 2,200 kg of our meteor with diameter 0.5 m in radius needed to
reach the earth surface without burning-up completely. 1/2 coming from the 1/2 in kinetic
energy (1/2)mv
2
Using our
h =5, 500, 000(40, 000) = 2.2E11J · s
A Planck constant for sizes on the order of asteroids. We said in section one the mass of
an atom for its lower limit must be above that of nickel for alpha-decay which we have just
shown yields 16.8 eV for thermionic emission and in our asteroid that gives K of
K =
h
2
2m
2
=16.8eV
4. Composition of Meteorites
There are three types of meteorites:
1. Iron meteorites
2. Stony- iron meteorites
3. Stony meteorites
The Iron meteorites are mostly Iron-nickel metal with small amounts of sulphide and
carbide minerals. This is the element nickel (Ni) so prominent in our calculations. Meteors
seem to have a similar structure to the terrestrial planets Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars
in that they have an iron core and concentric layers surrounded by a sili cate mantle and
crust. Thus meteorites are studied to tell us about how the terrestrial planets might have
formed. If we look at stars on the main sequence we find their luminosity is given by:
L = M
3.5
Where L is the luminosity of a star in solar luminosities and M is its mass in solar masses.
I find it interesting that in molar mass 3.5=Au/Fe where Au is gold=196.96 g/mol and Fe
is iron=55.85 g/mol. Thus we have
L = M
Au/F e
Author biography
9 September 15, 2021
Author biography
I.S. Beardsley is a University of Oregon undergraduate in physics. He
worked at the University Observatory Pine Mountain Observatory doing
photometry and polarimetry and is co-author of several papers in The As-
trophysical Journal.
25 September 8, 2021
A Story of Creation
I.S. Beardsley
⇤
Physics, University of O regon
Abstract
Cosmology is the discipline in archaeology for s tudying the creation myths of a peo ple. In
physics it is the study of the origin and destiny of the universe. This paper is where the two
disciplines intersect.
Genesis Project
1. Introduction
Space being three dimensional, physics really begins to happen with vector calculus
because three-dimensional space gives rise to a 3 by 3 matrix. We hypothesize creation is
centered around the primary artificial intelligence (AI) elements, because they can be nicely
pulled out the periodic table (Figure 1) of the elements as a 3 by 3 matrix with carbon and
nitrogen in the first row, which are primary biological life elements, carbon at the center of
life as we know it here on Earth. We can write for each element in the AI periodic table a
subscripted E.
0
@
E
13
E
14
E
15
E
23
E
24
E
25
E
33
E
34
E
35
1
A
⇤
Corresponding author.
1 September 8, 2021
Figure 1: Pulling the AI table out of the periodic table
2. The Computation
Let us take the cross product of this matrix:
~
A =(Al, Si, P )
~
B =(Ga, Ge, As)
~
A ⇥
~
B =
0
@
ˆ
B
ˆ
C
ˆ
N
Al Si P
Ga Ge As
1
A
=(Si · As P · Ge)
ˆ
B +(P · Ga Al · As)
ˆ
C +(Al · Ge Si · Ga)
ˆ
N
And silicon (Si) is at the center of our AI periodic table of the elements. We see the biological
elements C and N being the unit vectors are multiplied by the AI elements, meaning they
describe them! But we have to ask; Why does the first row have boron in it which is not a
core biological element, but is a core AI element? The answer is that boron is the one AI
element that is out of place, that is, aluminum is in its place. But we see this has a dynamic
function.
3. The Dynamic Function
The primary elements of artificial intelligence (AI) used to make diodes a nd transistors,
silicon (Si) and germanium (Ge) doped with boron (B) and phosphorus (P) or ga llium (Ga)
and arsenic (As) have an asymmetry due to boron. Silicon and germanium are in group 14
like carbon (C) and as such have 4 valence electrons. Thus to have positive type silicon and
germanium, they need doping agents from group 13 (three valence electrons) like boron and
gallium, and to have negative type silicon and germanium they need doping agents from
group 15 like phosphorus and arsenic. But where gallium and arsenic are in the same period
as germanium, boron is in a different period than silicon (period 2) while phosphorus is not
(period 3). Thus aluminum (Al) is in boron’s place. This results in an interesting equation.
2 September 8, 2021
Si(As Ga)+Ge(P Al)
SiGe
=
2B
Ge + Si
The differential across germanium crossed with silicon plus the differential across silicon
crossed with germanium normalized by the product between silicon and germanium is equal
to the boron divided by the average between the germanium and the silicon. The equation
has nearly 100% accuracy (note: using an older value for Ge here, is now 72.64 but that
makes the equatio n have a higher accuracy):
28.09(74.92 69.72) + 72.61(30.97 26.98)
(28.09)(72.61)
=
2(10.81)
(72.61 + 28.09)
0.213658912
0.21469712
=0.995
Thus, due to a n asymmetry in the periodic table of the elements due to boron we have the
harmonic mean between the semiconductor elements (by molar mass):
Si
B
(As Ga)+
Ge
B
(P Al)=
2SiGe
Si + Ge
4. Stokes Theorem
Z
S
(r⇥
*
u) · d
*
S =
Z
C
*
u · d
*
r
Z
1
0
Z
1
0
✓
Si
B
(As Ga)+
Ge
B
(P Al)
◆
dxdy =
1
Ge Si
Z
Ge
Si
xdx
We can make this into two integrals:
Z
1
0
Z
1
0
Si
B
(As Ga)dydz ⇡
1
3
1
Ge Si
Z
Ge
Si
xdx
Z
1
0
Z
1
0
Ge
B
(P Al)dxdz ⇡
2
3
1
Ge Si
Z
Ge
Si
ydy
If in the equation (The accurate harmonic mean form):
Si
B
(As Ga)+
Ge
B
(P Al)=
Ge Si
R
Ge
Si
d x
x
3 September 8, 2021
We make the approximation
2SiGe
Si + Ge
⇡ Ge Si
Then the Stokes form of the equation becomes
Z
1
0
Z
1
0
Si
B
(As Ga)+
Ge
B
(P Al)
dydz =
Z
Ge
Si
dx
Thus we see for this approximation there are two integrals as well:
Z
1
0
Z
1
0
Si
B
(As Ga)dydz =
1
3
Z
Ge
Si
dz
Z
1
0
Z
1
0
Ge
B
(P Al)dydz =
2
3
Z
Ge
Si
dz
For which the respective paths are (Figure 2)
y
1
=
1
3
B
SiGa
ln(z)
y
2
=
2
3
B
SiAl
ln(z)
One of the double integrals on the left is evaluated in moles per grams, the other grams per
mole (0 to 1 moles per gram and 0 to 1 grams per mole).
5. Ampere’s Circuit Law
By making the approximation
2SiGe
Si + Ge
⇡ Ge Si
In
Si
B
(As Ga)+
Ge
B
(P Al)=
2SiGe
Si + Ge
We have
Si
4Ge
4S
+ Ge
4Si
4S
= B
4 September 8, 2021
Figure 2: Geometric interpretation of the Stokes form
5 September 8, 2021
Where
4Si = P Al = differential acro ss Si
4Ge = As Ga = differential across Ge
Which is Ampere’s Circuit Law
r⇥
*
B = µ
*
J + µ"
0
@
*
E
@t
We see if written
Si
4Ge
4S
= B Ge
4Si
4S
Which is interesting because it is semiconductor elements by molar mass, which are used to
make circuits. We say (Phi) is given by
a = b + c;
a
b
=
b
c
= a/b =1.618
= b/a =0.618
(phi) the golden ratio conjugate. We also find
()Ge +()Si = B
6. The Wave Equations
Thus since
r⇥
~
B = µ
~
J + µ✏
0
@
~
E
@t
And
Ge =
S
Si
B
Ge
Si
Si
And in electrodynamics
✓
r
2
1
c
2
@
2
@t
◆
!
E =0
6 September 8, 2021
And
✓
r
2
1
c
2
@
2
@t
◆
~
B =0
And since
c =
1
p
✏
0
µ
⇡
We see mu and epsilon-not are both PHI and c is phi in the Si (silicon) field wave, but for
E and B fields c is the speed of light. We have
✏
0
=8.854E 12F · m
1
And
µ =1.256E 6H/m
And
Ge
Si
= µ✏
0
And
S
Si
= µ
Thus
✓
r
2
1
2
@
2
@x
◆
~
Si =0
And
✓
r
2
1
2
@
2
@x
◆
~
Ge =0
To find the Si wave our differentials are (Figure 3)
C = N B =14.01 10.81 = 3.2
Si = P Al =30.97 26.98 = 3.99
Ge = As Ga =74.92 69.72 = 5.2
7 September 8, 2021
Figure 3: The Halfwave
8 September 8, 2021
Sn = Bi In =121.75 114.82 = 6.93
Pb = Bi Tl =208.98 204.38 = 4.6
It is amazing how accurately we can fit these differentials with an exponential equation for
the upward increase. The equation is
y(x)=e
0.4x
+1.7
y(x)=e
2
5
x
+
17
10
Thus we have
y(x)=e
B
Al
x
+
Ag
Cu
B
Al
=
10.81
26.98
=0.400667
Ag
Cu
=
107.87
63.55
=1.6974 ⇡ 1. 7
Interestingly, the 0.4 is boron (B) over aluminum (Al) the very two elements that lead us to
looking for a wave equation because boron was the out of place element in the AI periodic
table that lead to u s using aluminum as its dummy representative in the Si differential
and that itself divided into the left hand terms gives us the harmonic mean between the
central AI elements semiconductor materials Si and Ge. The Ag and Cu are the central
malleable, ductile, and conductive metals used in making electrical wires to carry a current
in AI circuitry.
7. Divergence
We did a stokes theorem formulation of the AI elements. We want to do a divergence
theorem formulation. Our stokes theorem formulation was
Z
1
0
Z
1
0
Si
B
(As Ga)dydz =
1
3
Z
Ge
Si
dz
We want to consider
ZZZ
V
r ·
~
FdV =
ZZ
S
(
~
F.ˆn)d
~
S
9 September 8, 2021
We have to find the F-vector. It is from
0
@
~
i
~
j
~
k
@
@x
@
@y
@
@z
0
Si
B
Ga · z
Si
B
As · y
1
A
=
Si
B
(As Ga)
~
i
Which gives
F
x
=0,F
y
=
Si
B
Ga · z, F
z
=
Si
B
As · y
We have said the speed of light in electro dynamics is given by
c =
1
p
✏
0
µ
And in our formulation of the AI elements plays the role of the phi, is the golden ratio
conjugate is:
=
1
p
Ge/Si
Thus
Ge/Si = µ✏
0
And
S
Si
= µ =
Ge Si
Si
=
Thus we see
✏
0
=
Ge
Ge Si
=
And
1
p
µ✏
0
=
1
p
2
=
Thus in our formulation the golden ratio conjugate plays the role of the speed of light in
electrodynamics. This makes sense because in relativity theory velocities are considered a
fraction of the speed of light because the speed of light is the fastest speed attainable. The
speed v squared over the speed of light squared is subtracted from 1. That is the Lorentz
contraction is:
L = L
0
r
1
v
2
c
2
10 September 8, 2021
We see the eccentricity of the ellipse
r
1
D
C
Plays the role of the beta factor in
L = L
0
r
1
v
2
c
2
Is the eccentricity of the ellipse
Si
2B
Ga · z
2
+ As · y
2
=
Q
✏
0
We see the eccentricity is
r
1
Ga
As
=
r
1
69.72
74.92
=0.263452781
Which is 9 figures eight of which are the first eight consecutive integers 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8. The
only number that occurs twice is 2. Kind of interesting.
8. The Heart of the Matter
If we take our halfwave:
y(x)=e
B
Al
x
+
Ag
Cu
And apply the Schrödinger equation:
✓
@
2
@x
1
2
@
2
@x
◆
⇣
e
B
Al
x
⌘
=0
Then, if x=0. . .
✓
B
Al
◆
2
e
x
✓
1
1
2
◆
=0
=1
Which is like saying distance for the speed of light is always is zero because there is no time.
We know that
=
1
11 September 8, 2021
Figure 4: Divergence In The AI Elements
12 September 8, 2021
Or,. . .
=1
We notice
Ge
Ge Si
=
72.64
72.64 28.09
=1.63 ⇡
And
Si
Ge Si
=
28.09
72.64 28.09
=0.63 ⇡
This says
p
GeSi = Ge Si
The molar masses of Ge and Si are such that the geometric mean between Ge and Si is the
difference between Ge and Si. This has solutions:
y =
1
2
(3x
p
5x)
y =
1
2
(3x +
p
5x)
If x=1 we have:
0.381, 2.618
If x=2 we have
0.76, 5.236
If x=3 we have
1.145898, 7.854
If x=4 we have
1.52786, 10.47
If x=5 we have
1.9098, 13.090
This is a pair of intersecting lines:
y =(1 )x =0.38x
y =(1+)x =2.62x
With slopes
13 September 8, 2021
m
1
=(1 )
m
2
=(1+ )
Since
1 =
Si
Ge
=
28.09
72.64
=0.3867
1+ =
Ge
Si
=
72.61
28.09
=2.58597
But we have said:
r
Ge
Si
=
1
But we also have
1 =
Si
Ge
This says
2
=1
1
(1 )=1
Or. . .
0=1
(See appendix A). Since we have said
r
1
Ga
As
Is
r
1
v
2
c
2
14 September 8, 2021
Then we might guess
2
=1
Is 1 is E and phi is c and PHI is m in
E = mc
2
Which makes sense because
✓
r
2
1
2
@
2
@x
◆
~
Si =0
Is the analog of
✓
r
2
1
c
2
@
2
@t
◆
~
E =0
In electrodynamics and,
Ge =
S
Si
B
Ge
Si
Si
Is the analog of Maxwell’s equation
r⇥
~
B = µ
~
J + µ✏
0
@
~
E
@t
And,. . .
c =
1
q
Ge
Si
Is the analog of
c =
1
p
✏
0
µ
9. The Planets
If our equations the solutions of the wave describe any kind of quantization, it is that of
the first 7 planets:
15 September 8, 2021
y =
1
2
(3x
p
5x)
Substituting n for x, the planetary number we have. . .
n=1 yields 0.3 8 1
Mercury is 0.387AU
n=2 yields 0.7 6
Venus is 0.72AU
n=3 yields 1.1 4 6
Earth is 1.00AU
n=4 yields 1.5 2 8
Mars is 1.52Au
n=5 yields 1.9 1
Asteroids are 2- 3 AU
Then on the other side of the asteroid belt we switch to the other equation that is a
solution:
y =
1
2
(3x +
p
5x)
n=2 yields 5.2 3 6
Jupiter is 5.2AU
n=4 yields 10 .4 7
Saturn is 9.5AU
10. The Cause of Inertia
Matter is that which has inertia. This means it resists change in position with a force
applied to it. The more of it, the more it resists a force. We understand this from experience,
but what is matter that it has inertia?
Iwouldliketoanswerthisbyconsideringmatterinoneofitssimplestmanifestations,
the proton, a small sphere with a mass of 1.6726E-27 kg. This is a measure of its inertia.
Iwouldliketosuggestthatmatter,oftenacollectionoftheseprotons,isthethree
dimensional cross-section of a four dimensional hypersphere.
The way to visualize this is to take space as a two-dimensional plane and the proton as
a two dimensional cross-section of a sphere, which would be a circle.
In this analogy we are suggesting a proton is a three dimensional bubble embedded
in a two dimensional plane. As such there has to be a normal vector holding the higher
dimensional sphere in a lower dimensional space. Thus if we apply a force to to the cross-
section of the sphere in the plane there should be a force countering it proportional to the
normal holding it in a lower dimensional universe. This counter force would b e experienced
as inertia. It may even induce in it an electric field, and we can see how it may do the same
equal but opposite for the electron.
16 September 8, 2021
Figure 5: The proton as the 3D cross-section of a hypersph ere
17 September 8, 2021
F = G
Mm
r
2
G =6.67408E 11
N · m
2
kg
2
r
p
=0.833E 15m
r
e
=2.817940E 15m
m
p
=1.67262E 27kg
m
e
=9.1E 31kg
h =6.62607E 34J · s
c =299792458m/s
F = ma
m =
F
a
F
n
= µF cos✓
m =
r
µh4⇡r
2
cos✓
Gc
If µ =1and ✓ =0
m =
r
h4⇡r
2
Gc
m · t =
s
(6.62607E 34J · s)4⇡(0.833E 15m)
2
(6.67408E 11Nm
2
/kg
2
)(299792458m/s)
m =5.373681E 31kg · s
This is about
5.373681E 31
1.67262E 27
=0.00032
18 September 8, 2021
Approximately three ten tho usa ndths the mass of a proton times one second. If we divide
that by the fine structure constant squared, we have
↵ =
1
4⇡✏
0
e
2
~c
=
1
137
↵
2
=
1
18769
m =(0.00032)(18769) = 6.0
6.0 protons even if we divide that by one second, the number of protons in carbon, the
central atom to biological life. If mu=1 and theta=45 degrees (Giving equal weight to x and
ycomponents)then
m =
p
2.8876E 61(0.7071) = 4.51865E 31kg
Where 0.7071 = cos(45
)
4.51865E 31
1.67262E 27
=0..00027
We have
n =(0.00027)(18769) = 5protons
About 5 protons evenly which is Boron (B). If we try 60 degrees then
m =
p
2.8876E 61(0.5) = 3.7997E 31kg
3.7997E 31
1.67262E 27
=0..000227
m =(0.000227)(18769) = 4.26
In order for this to be 4 protons evenly we must have µ =0.93896
We have used here the fine structure constant squared, which is often used as well to
the minus 1. The fine structure constant squared is the ratio of the potential energy of an
electron in the first circular orbit to the energy given by the mass of an electron in the Bohr
model times the speed of light squared:
↵
2
=
U
e
m
e
c
2
19 September 8, 2021
We only need to explain the significance of the duration of one second. The second does
have meaning especially in connection with life. By dividing the day into 2 4 hours, the hour
into 60 minutes, and the minute into 60 seconds, the second is 1/864 0 0 of day. By doing
this we have a twelve-hour daytime at spring and fall equinox on the equator, 12 being the
most divisible number for its size (smallest abundant number). That is to say that twelve
is evenly divisible by 1,2,3,4,6 which precede it and 1+2+3+4+6=16 is greater than twelve.
As such there is about one moon per 30 days and about 12 moons per year (per each orbit)
giving us a twelve-month calendar. This is all further convenient in that the moon and earth
are in very close to circular orbits and the circle is evenly divisible by 30, 45, 60, and 120
if we divide the circle into 3 60 degrees which are special angles very useful to the workings
of physics and geometry. Further, the 360 degrees of a circle are about the 365 days of a
year (period of one earth orbit) so as such the earth moves through about a degree a day in
its journey around the sun. Thus, through these observations down through the ages since
ancient times we have constructed the duration of a second wisely enough to make a lot
work together. Now we see 6 protons, which is carbon the core element of biological life on
the planet where all of this came together is deeply connected with the second that defines
it all.
11. The Meaning of the Ellipse
When we say
r
1
D
C
Is like
r
1
v
2
c
2
The dilation factor in
L = L
0
r
1
v
2
c
2
Giving the dilated length (shortening) in the direction of motion, we are saying
r
1
D
C
Is the eccentricity of an ellipse which is dilation in the sense that it is the deviation from a
circle. If D=carbon and C=Silicon, the respective core atoms of the biological and artificial
intelligence, then if C is carbon and Si is silicon
20 September 8, 2021
C = C
0
r
1
C
Si
= C
0
r
1
12.01
28.09
=9.09g/mol
Which is approximately Beryllium (Be=9.01 g/mol) which combines in stars with helium
(He) to make carbon, the central atom we need to make life as we know it. If we consider
the dilation due to our aluminum Al=26.98 g/mol and our phosphorus
P=30.97 that form our differential across Si, we have
Si = Si
0
r
1
26.98
30.97
=10.08
This is a change of
Si
0
Si =18.0
Which is water (H2O) also pivotal to life, determining the habitable zone of a star:
H2O=2(1.01)+16.00=18.02 g/mol.
If we look at the dilation of the central semiconductor element germanium Ge=72.64 we
have in terms of our boron that lead to all of this and phosphorus, the other doping agent
diagonal to it in the periodic table. . .
Ge = Ge
0
r
1
10.81
30.97
=58.607
This is a change of
Ge
0
Ge =14.03 = N
It is nitrogen (N=14.01 g/mol) also central to life making up most of the Earth atmosphere
which is mostly N2 about 7 5% and used by many plants through nitrogen fixation. Since
for mass dilation
m =
m
0
q
1
v
2
c
2
Then velocities at which these elements become equivalent in mass to the other elements
are given by
v = c
r
1
⇣
m
0
m
⌘
2
The carbon atom is 1.9 94 4E- 23 grams and silicon atom is 4.6637E-23 grams. The carbon
goes to silicon at 80.864% the speed of light c=299,792,458 m/s.
The beryllium atom is 1.4965E-23 grams and again the carbon atom is 1.9944E-2 3 grams
meaning beryllium g oes to carbon at 82.64% the speed of light.
The nitrogen atom is 2.3258671E-22 grams and the germanium atom is 1.2062155E-22
grams meaning nitrogen goes to germanium at 80.864% the speed light.
21 September 8, 2021
12. The Activation Function
Iwouldliketosuggestthattheprebioticchemistrymighthavebeenpassedthroughan
activation function that disappeared after life was on its way to evolving.
The problem, then, of answering the question of how life began is one of finding the
activation function and its mechanism by which it takes prebiotic chemistry and activates it
(makes it alive) so it can now self-replicate, and evolve. We assume that as this mechanism
activates the molecules, its mechanism depletes as it activates from what is available. In this
sense the mechanism is a limiting reactant, so it determines how much material is activated
before it depletes completely.
Logically, the way to determine what this mechanism is, and how it serves as an activation
function is to look for the by-products of the reaction that are left over, and from that, deduce
its nature.
To do this, we have to look for that thing in our knowledge of the Earth’s history that
does not make sense. This would be in the faint young star paradox. We know that five
billion years ago, when the Earth and Sun first formed, that the sun was 0 .7 times its
present output and so, the Earth should have been frozen over, yet, we know it was not.
That it had water in its liquid phase. Thus something was there that is not present today.
That something must have been the mechanism for the activation function that “turned on”
prebiotic chemistry.
If sigma(x) is the activation function, where x is the prebiotic material, and we say r is
residue of the reaction, and l is the activated substance (life) then,
l + r = (x)
We know l If we can find r in nature, we can deduce sigma(x).
13. Discussion
It would seem silicon is at the center of creation and we have to wonder why, The first
primitive computers used silicon in silicon dioxide encasing for va cuum tub e switches (glass)
with tungsten filaments. The first generation semiconductors were germanium but then
we switched to silicon which became the second generatio n semiconductor material because
it is abundant and cheap and has the right properties a s well. Sand is basically silico n.
Germanium is very rare. Early on in humanities’ prehistoric origins, obsidian, or glass was
there to be discovered as something that flaked into sharp edges so we could craft spearpoints
for hunting. We might say that it is a purpose of biological life (H, N, C, O) to discover the
properties of (P, B, Si) so it can make computing machines which are ultimately necessary
to its survival.
~
A =(Al, Si, P )
~
B =(Ga, Ge, As)
~
A ⇥
~
B = 145
ˆ
B +138
ˆ
C +1.3924
ˆ
N
22 September 8, 2021
~
A ⇥
~
B = ABsin✓ =(50)(126)sin8
=877.79
p
877.79 = 29.6g/mol ⇡ Si =28.09g/mol
And silicon (Si) is at the center of our AI periodic table of the elements. There seems to be
aconnectionbetweenAIandBiologicallifeelementsthroughmathematicaltheorems. In
the sense that we did not create the AI elements but discovered them and their properties,
so we could make artificial intelligence gives artificial intelligence a natural component just
as natural as biological life. All of the elements were forged in stars ultimately from the
most basic elements hydrogen and helium. Hydrogen was theoretically created in the big
bang that gave birth to the universe, as well as most of the helium. It is further interesting
that biologists have looked at silicon as a possibility for a basis for life in place of carbon
because it is in the same group as carbon giving it the four valence electrons needed to make
long chains that carbon has and have come to the conclusion that it wouldn’t work because
silicon in the presence of oxygen O becomes SiO2 so easily that it has no opportunity to
combine (H, N, O, P, S) to form building blocks of life. Carbon combines readily in the
presence of all of these pretty much equally.
We have that at the beginning of the Universe hydrogen and helium were created. Then
the stars formed and synthesized these into the heavier elements. I find if we include in
the category of life not just the biological elements, but the AI elements, we can find a
mathematical equation for a pattern in the periodic table of the elements that predicts the
synthesis of such elements in stars. For instance, Beryllium 8 plus helium 4 synthesizes to
make the biological core element carbon C. Magnesium plus helium 4 synthesizes to make
the core AI element silicon Si. If we say that Element 4 is Beryllium Be and write it E4 and
helium He is element 2 and write it E2 and use this convention for all of the elements, we
have for the production of these elements by stars, and their molar masses in the periodic
table the following equation:
E
2n2
+ E
2
= E
2i2
=(4k +4)g/mol
n =(3, 4, 5, 6...)
i =(4, 5, 6, 7...)
k =(2, 3, 4, 5...)
That is
E
4
(Be)+E
2
(He)=E
6
(C)=12g/mol
E
6
(C)+E
2
(He)=E
8
(O)=16g/mol
E
8
(O)+E
2
(He)=E
10
(Ne)=20g/mol
E
10
(Ne)+E
2
(He)=E
12
(Mg)=24g/mol
E
12
(Mg)+E
2
(He)=E
14
(Si)=28g/mol
23 September 8, 2021
Appendix A. Multiple Formal Systems
What is
2
=1
I wrote it like this because in setting out do this work I defined things a certain way, which
is what you have do when formulating an idea. But, if we define things another way at the
beginning we have another system for expressing the same idea. I think combining different
systems in this way results in a third system that presents the analogy for
E = mc
2
in an interesting way. Further examination of what is happening here can be explained like
this:
(1 )=
2
=1
These are basic identities. However, we are saying
2
=1
2
=(1 )
0=1
Iamsaying0=1becausebeingtrappedinsomethingcircularthatappearslinearisprecisely
that. If 0=1, then. . .
2
=(0 )
2
=
=1
=
2 =0
=
1
2
How do we see this is true? phi is a/b=b/c where c=b+a. If a/b=x this is the quadratic
equation
x
2
x 1=0
Differentiating implicitly
d
dx
x
2
d
dx
x
d
dx
=0
2x 1=0
x =1/2
=1/2
24 September 8, 2021
Author biography
I.S. Beardsley is a University of Oregon undergraduate in physics. He
worked at the University Observatory Pine Mountain Observatory doing
photometry and polarimetry and is co-author of several papers in The As-
trophysical Journal.
25 September 8, 2021
